It grows predominantly in grassland and open woodland communities. Common Veld Grasses of Rhodesia Natural Resources Board of Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113. Indian Distribution. T.triandra(syn. Pedicels Spikelet callus hairs red. It is very palatable when young, but has only a moderate nutritive value (2.8 to 12.4% crude protein). Life form: Grass/ Tussock. spikelets on each. ... Themeda triandra “Mingo” is a ground covering form with blue foliage and will reach a height of 20 centimetres with a … What Are … vulgaris auct. burchellii (Hack. This dormancy can usually be broken by subjecting dry seeds to diurnal alternating temperatures of 20°C–60°C for about a month. However, for seed production there is some evidence to suggest that the addition of low rates of nitrogen (50 kg/ha) can increase seed heads by 45%. In eastern Australia flowering occurs throughout summer from December to late April. Family: Poaceae (Grass) Synonym: Themeda australis. T. triandra occurs in both grasslands and grassy woodlands as well as under grassy forests. Provides authoritative information on the flora of Western Australia. Column of lemma Themeda triandra Forssk. Distribution maps indicate current and historic locations where species have been sighted. burchellii (Hack.) Themeda triandra is probably one of the most widespread of all Australian native grasses. Most T. triandra seed samples have some level of dormancy. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Burning in the early autumn once every few years can assist in retaining T. triandra dominance. Themeda triandra is a perennial tussock-forming grass widespread in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific. Themeda triandra has a wide distribution. Source: Atlas of Living Australia. red-brown/purple, Jan to Dec. Spikelets in threes (basal paired). If a forage harvester has been used, then drying a large mass of material sometimes proves difficult. Spikelet callus linear; 2–4 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached Andropogoneae. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. spatheole; enclosed. In this study, we assess the climate resilience of Themeda triandra, a foundational species and the most widespread plant in Australia, by assessing the relative contributions of spatial, environmental and ploidy factors to contemporary genomic variation. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the Pacific: southwestern. Stapf: ... Themeda triandra Forssk. Was formerly the dominant plant. The attractive foliage and seed heads, its adaptability and low maintenance requirement has prompted growing interest in its use from landscape architects. Classification. At this time, winter plants will tend to overshadow the semi-dormant T. triandra. oblong; 3 -veined. Cope. western Indian ocean. midvein; without lateral veins. fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Most temperate woodland understorey species compete poorly against exotic weeds, the possible exceptions being the dominant grasses, Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra, hereafter Themeda) and Poa species Tussock‐grasses. New! Fl. In Australia, it is found in all of the states and territories. Because the seeds are fairly large (each seed weighs about 10 mg), they will emerge from about 15 mm in most soil types. If T. triandra is sown in drill rows, seeds should be about 20 mm apart to give a rapid cover within the rows. Overseas it is found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The inflorescence is leafy and up to 35cm long; each inflorescence branch is subtended by a spathe (leafy bract). It also grows in soils of low to moderately high pH. The mulch is spread evenly on the ground immediately after harvest, or up to winter and left for about 6 months for the seeds to drop out and presumably penetrate the soil because of the hygroscopic (Hygroscopic - responds (twists or opens) to moisture changes) awns. The Plants Database includes the following 6 species of Themeda . Distribution: Africa, SE Asia, Australia. The seeds that follow are also a beautiful feature of this grass. AVH is a collaborative project of the state, Commonwealth and territory herbaria, developed under the auspices of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH), representing the major Australian collections. spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes. Distribution and Habitat. Nodes usually glabrous and sometimes pruinose, or occasionally densely pubescent. Themeda australis (R.Br.) Within these regions it is found across a broad range of climates, geological substrates and ecosystems. The spikelets (Spikelet - consists of one or more florets and is the basic unit of the inflorescence in grasses) are clustered with several sterile spikelets surrounding a single fertile spikelet that bears a large, black, geniculate and twisted awn (Awn - an elongated bristle-like appendage attached to the apex, back or base of the glume, lemma or palea). by ; Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. Themeda arguens Christmas grass Themeda japonica . In Australia, it is found in all states and territories. Autumn is generally considered the best sowing time as soil surfaces tend not to dry out as quickly as they do in spring. Spikelets elliptic; subterete; Racemes 1; single; cuneate; bearing few fertile spikelets; bearing 1 fertile T. triandrawill not tolerate continuous grazing. brown, or red; without tubercles, or tuberculate. Synonym(s) Heterotypic =Themeda triandra var. =Themeda triandra var. Please cite this publication as detailed in How to Themeda triandra 1 / 3 Next. If the seed is broadcast then it should be lightly covered with harrows. 2002 ... Themeda triandra Forssk. T. australis) is the most common member of the genus in Australia. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. obliquely. Themeda has received the most attention due to its wide geographical distribution in the pre‐European landscape. This transition can occur over 1–2 days if conditions are hot and dry. INFLORESCENCE Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10–30 cm long. In total, there are 27 recognised Themeda species with both annual and … Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Posted by November 30, 2020 November 30, 2020. Kangaroo grass can still be seen in remnant plains grasslands and sclerophyll, redgum and box woodlands as well as open grassy forests. FERTILE SPIKELETS Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 This species can be sown at about 1 g/m² which would mean about 100 seeds/m² if each seed weighs about 10 mg. Species: triandra. Primary dormancy will usually break down slowly with storage periods of up to 12 months or more. Themeda triandra - WikiMili, Th Gramineae, T. A. wide. Common name: Kangaroo Grass, Kangaroo Grass. There are about 30 species worldwide with about 5 being found in Australia. Themeda triandra Forsk.Fl. -veined. Lemma long. geniculate; 25–70 mm long overall; with twisted column. SOILS . Distribution tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 According to Flora Zambesiaca. T. triandra will not tolerate continuous grazing. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. burchellii Hack. other data sources for Themeda triandra, Note - this takes you off Spatheole lanceolate; 1.5–3.5 cm long; scarious; About 50 g of seed/100 m drill row will give this seed density. non Hack. grasses species, Themeda triandra Forssk., along with a modern invasive, Themeda quadri - valvis (L.) Kuntze, a grassy weed common in disturbed areas worldwide (Keir and Vogler 2006). If banks or sloping areas are to be sown then hydromulching is an effective method with kangaroo grass seed added into the seed mix. In other circumstances the addition of fertiliser appears not to benefit T. triandra. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 2 in the cluster. If drying is not practicable, then the mulch should be spread as soon as possible. forming an involucre about the fertile; with both pairs arising at about the It is often common in areas where moisture collects and grazing is light, such as along roadsides or railway lines. Themedais a genus of grasses occurring in Australia, Asia and Africa. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, K.T. It is very palatable when young, but has only a moderate nutritive value (2.8 to 12.4% crude protein). Themeda. In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and red oat grass or as rooigras in Afrikaans. HABIT Perennial; caespitose. Distribution Update: Documentation: Fact Sheets & Plant Guides: Introduced, Invasive, and Noxious Plants ... Themeda australis (R. T. triandra is the only species occurring in Africa, but it … Leaf-blades 10–30 cm long; 1–8 mm STERILE SPIKELETS Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 4 in number; Patches of this species occur in favoured locations across the whole of the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia and it also occurs on rocky headlands on the eastern seaboard of the continent. Principal lemma awn apical; ... Themeda anathera . smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose. Cleaned T. triandra seed will flow relatively easily through conventional seed boxes without bridging or the seeds clogging the delivery tubes. Seed cleaning is not a difficult exercise but large amounts of trash must be processed to obtain a relatively small amount of seed. Themeda triandra has a wide distribution. Themeda triandra Forssk. Weed control is easiest in areas with low soil fertility so that the use of fertilisers in the establishment of kangaroo grass stands is not recommended. This species is probably the most recognisable member of the grass family in Australia. Approaching optimum harvest time is associated with a change in crop colour from greenish to yellowish brown. Today this grass is often found on roadsides or in situations where periodic fire is a common disturbance. – kangaroo grass Subordinate Taxa. It commonly grows in grassland and woodland communities. > themeda triandra plantnet General themeda triandra plantnet. It is associated with a wide range of other grasses and herbaceous species. Overseas it is found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. INFLORESCENCE Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10–30 cm Seeds generally begin to ripen in early December depending on spring rainfall and temperature conditions. Themeda triandra is considered by some to be two species, the African and Asian species T. triandra and a separate Australian species Themeda australis. 6–11 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Themeda triandra. Fishing closures, restrictions and permits, Volunteer non-commercial kangaroo shooting, NSW Hunting Stakeholder Consultation Group, Zoonoses - Animal diseases that can infect people, Forest contractor training and certification scheme, Grassed up - guidelines for revegetating with Australian native grasses, Astrebla pectinata (Barley Mitchell grass), Austrodanthonia bipartita (Wallaby grass), Austrodanthonia richardsonii (Wallaby grass), Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass), Microlaena stipoides (Microlaena or Weeping grass), Paspalidium jubiflorum (Warrego summer grass). The widespread Kangaroo Grass, Themeda triandra, is one of the most recognisable members of the grass family (Poaceae) in Australia. Br.) T. triandra has an extraordinarily wide distribution range from the mountains of New Guinea to Tasmania and from the east to the west of the Australian continent. Companion sterile spikelet The journals of the early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass. APNI* Synonyms: Themeda australis (R.Br.) of our website Use your browser's back button to return to this page, W.D. Themeda triandra is a perennial tussock grass endemic to Africa, Australia and Asia. If material has been harvested with a forage harvester to be used as seed containing mulch then cleaning is not necessary. There seems to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil type. Common Veld Grasses of Rhodesia Natural Resources Board of Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113. (GPWG 2001) : Subfamily Panicoideae. 178 (1775). Leaf-blades 10–30 cm long; 1–8 mm wide. One of the most widespread and conspicuous grasses in Victoria, formerly dominant over vast areas of the basalt plains west of Melbourne, … Basal sterile imberbis (Retz.)A. Kew. appears in other Kew resources: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. Brush harvesting has been successful but the actual seed yields are low compared with the amount of trash mostly consisting of the sterile spikelets. T. triandra occurs on a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to heavy clays. Tufted perennial, grass-like or herb, 0.3-2 m high. spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose; lower It is therefore best to eliminate weed problems before sowing this grass. Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a spatheole; enclosed. The ligule (Ligule - a membrane or hairs found on the inner (adaxial) surface of the leaf-blade/sheath junction) is a rim of hairs and the leaves are folded in the bud. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. callus linear; 2–3 mm long; 2-toothed. Themeda triandra is a tufted perennial grass; the local species in Townsville is 30–100 cm tall. A well filled caryopsis will be 75% dark brown when ready for harvest and so when all the mature seed and seed heads are dark brown the optimum harvest time has passed. Press wheels to firm the soil around the seed are an advantage. Themeda triandra is a very hardy, evergreen, tall, tufted grass with foliage in many shades of green that turn reddish when older. The sterile spikelets are retained on the seed heads and it is often difficult to determine whether the seeds have actually fallen or not. The twisted awns are relatively easily removed from the fertile spikelets and the caryopses are usually retained within the dark, hairy glumes (Glume - the empty bracts at the base of a grass spikelet; usually two glumes are present). Camus =Anthistiria imberbis Retz. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Companion sterile - Search This method of establishment is perhaps expensive for large areas but it does mean that the expense of harvesting and cleaning seed is avoided. Where T. triandra plants are established as feature tussocks in a garden, little maintenance is necessary apart from weed control. Competition from native Poa sp. Culms erect; 30–200 cm When used as a landscape planting for colour contrast, little maintenance is needed once the area has become dominated by T. triandra. As Themeda triandra hispida and T. triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. (1975) . Sand, clay, alluvium, lateritic gravel, granite, basalt. tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, and It is very important to protect them from competition from annual weeds during this establishment phase. Forage harvesters have also been used to successfully harvest kangaroo grass seed when the harvested material containing the seed is to be spread as a mulch rather than for the preparation of pure seed samples. cluster. GLUMES Glumes dissimilar; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than Palea absent or minute. . Seeds should be dried at relatively low temperatures immediately after harvest. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. This plant has no children Legal Status. Stapf, Themeda triandra Forssk. var. DISTRIBUTION Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central Australia and New Zealand. Themeda triandra. The journals of the early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass. HABIT Perennial; caespitose. Brief Description Grazyna Paczkowska, Monday 20 December 1993. TOLERANCES. Endangered Status: DEPI Advisory List: T. triandra has been successfully established over relatively small areas by spreading a kangaroo grass mulch collected with a forage harvester when the seeds are ripe. long. Older leaves tend to have a red/brown appearance. (0 ratings) 0 ... Themeda triandra Forssk. As Themeda triandra hispida and T. triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. (1975) . High drought tolerance; High heat tolerance Lower glume oblong; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark trachyspathea Gooss. Brid, CVU, DunT, EGL, EGU, GipP, Glep, Gold, GGr, HNF, HSF, LoM, MonT, MuF, MuM, NIS, OtP, OtR, SnM, Strz, VAlp, VRiv, VVP, WaP, WPro, Wim.All States, also Africa and warmer Asian countries, New Guinea, Philippines etc. T. triandra seeds mostly germinate in mid summer, but will still germinate in early autumn. Western Assam. In these circumstances, the fibre mulch should be at least 20 mm thick for the best results. It is a significant species in temperate grasslands in Australia, a habitat considered to be endangered or threatened in various parts of the country. Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 4 mm long; hyaline; 0 -veined; without grasses leading to a non-Themeda triandra dominated grassland Currently the distribution is been depleted by coastal development. The seed head is relatively large, often reddish in colour with a drooping appearance. Cite Version: 3rd February 2016. Stapf, Themeda triandra Forssk. READ NEXT. In Australia, it is found in all states and territories. Fertile lemma linear; hyaline; without keel; 1 © Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Fertile spikelets are indicated by the black, twisted awn and if the awns are no longer present in the seed heads, then the seeds have all fallen. hispida Stapf =Themeda triandra var. World-wide, there are 18 species of Themeda occurring in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, mainly in Asia. Shares. The attractive fo… Aegypt.-Arab. Gardens, Kew. Kangaroo grass appears to be most common in situations where grazing disturbance is low, water runs on areas and where fires occur periodically. The leaves are up to 50 cm long and 3 mm wide and the leaf blades bear sparse hairs. )Stapf =Anthistiria ciliata var. In southern Australia weed control in late winter/early spring appears to be critical in the survival of newly established plants. Themeda triandra is glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; elliptic; 6–14 mm oblong; 0.5 mm long. Rhachis fragile at the nodes. Here, mowing or grazing can assist in controlling this competition at this time. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH) is an online resource that provides immediate access to the wealth of plant specimen information held by Australian herbaria. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern A major plant of grasslands across the Victorian Volcanic Plains. long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. It does not do well under heavy grazing pressure, but benefits from occasional fire. Kangaroo grass is a tufted perennial up to about 1.5 m tall with individual tussocks up to 0.5 m across. Then if the mulch is burnt in late winter while the soil is still moist, then the seeds will germinate as the soil warms up in the spring. (1783) =Themeda triandra var. =*Themeda triandra var. Asia. Themeda triandra is found across Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific. Upper glume var. Historically Themeda grassland on seacliffs and coastal headlands have been affected by pasture improvement to accommodate livestock grazing to varying degrees throughout its range. Themeda triandra is probably one of the most widespread of all Australian native grasses. - kangaroo grass, red grass, rooigras - Africa (from Morocco to KwaZulu-Natal), Asia (from Yemen to Japan to Maluku), Australia, New Guinea Themeda trichiata S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Themeda unica S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Anhui, Zhejiang same level; subsessile; 6–14 mm long; equalling fertile. awn hispidulous. Harman & H. Introduced in New Zealand. FLORETS Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Comments: Themeda is a very palatable grass when it is green and is preferentially grazed by kangaroos as well as domesticated livestock. Stapf APNI* Description: Densely caespitose, leafy perennials, to c. 1.2 m tall. T. triandra seedlings develop relatively slowly following germination. © Copyright The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Culms erect; 30–200 cm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes Australasia: Flora Zambesiaca 10:4. 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